Steerable Pyramid Transform Enables Robust Left Ventricle Quantification
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Although multifarious variants of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proved successful in cardiac index quantification, they seem vulnerable to mild input perturbations, e.g., spatial transformations, image distortions, and adversarial attacks. Such brittleness erodes our trust in CNN-based automated diagnosis of various cardiovascular diseases. In this work, we describe a simple and effective method to learn robust CNNs for left ventricle (LV) quantification, including cavity and myocardium areas, directional dimensions, and regional wall thicknesses. The key to the success of our approach is the use of the biologically-inspired steerable pyramid transform (SPT) as fixed front-end processing, which brings three computational advantages to LV quantification. First, the basis functions of SPT match the anatomical structure of the LV as well as the geometric characteristics of the estimated indices. Second, SPT enables sharing a CNN across different orientations as a form of parameter regularization, and explicitly captures the scale variations of the LV in a natural way. Third, the residual highpass subband can be conveniently discarded to further encourage robust feature learning. A concise and effective metric, named Robustness Ratio, is proposed to evaluate the robustness under various input perturbations. Extensive experiments on 145 cardiac sequences show that our SPT-augmented method performs favorably against state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy, but is significantly more robust under input perturbations.
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