A Bayesian Nonparametric Method to Adjust for Unmeasured Confounding with Negative Controls
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Unmeasured confounding bias is among the largest threats to the validity of observational studies. Although sensitivity analyses and various study designs have been proposed to address this issue, they do not leverage the growing availability of auxiliary data accessible through open data platforms. Using negative controls has been introduced in the causal inference literature as a promising approach to account for unmeasured confounding bias. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian nonparametric method to estimate a causal exposure-response function (CERF). This estimation method effectively utilizes auxiliary information from negative control variables to adjust for unmeasured confounding completely. We model the CERF as a mixture of linear models. This strategy offers the dual advantage of capturing the potential nonlinear shape of CERFs while maintaining computational efficiency. Additionally, it leverages closed-form results that hold under the linear model assumption. We assess the performance of our method through simulation studies. The results demonstrate the method's ability to accurately recover the true shape of the CERF in the presence of unmeasured confounding. To showcase the practical utility of our approach, we apply it to adjust for a potential unmeasured confounder when evaluating the relationship between long-term exposure to ambient PM_2.5 and cardiovascular hospitalization rates among the elderly in the continental U.S. We implement our estimation procedure in open-source software to ensure transparency and reproducibility and make our code publicly available.
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