What Risk Factors to Cause Long COVID and Its Impact on Patient Survival Outcomes when Combined with the Effect from Organ Transplantation in the Acute COVID
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Coronavirus disease 2019 in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients is associated with more severe outcomes than non-immunosuppressed hosts. However, exactly which risk factors cause Long COVID in acute COVID cases remains unknown. More importantly, the impact of Long COVID on patient survival remains understudied, especially when examined alongside the effect of SOT. All patients have been identified with acute COVID in the National COVID Collaborative Cohort registry. We compared patient demographics in Long COVID vs. those without Long COVID based on descriptive statistics. Multivariable logistics regressions were used to determine the factors related to the likelihood of developing Long COVID from a case of acute COVID. Multi-variables Cox regression was used to determine the time-to-event outcome of patient survival with Long COVID. This study reviewed data from a cohort of 6,416,500 acute COVID patients. Of that group, 31,744 patients developed Long COVID from ICD diagnosis. The mean (q1, q3) age was 39 (22, 57) years old, and 55 patients were female. From this cohort, a total of 31,744 (1 COVID and 43,565 (1 Long COVID. Mean age of those with Long COVID was 52 (39, 64) years old and 64 of patients were female. Most of the SOT patients were kidney transplant recipients. From the Cox regression analysis of patient survival, there were many significant factors related to patient survival, with elderly SOT patients having a much higher hazard ratio of 27.8 (26.3, 29.4). This study has identified the important risk factors that are more likely to cause Long COVID in an acute COVID cohort. We investigated hazard ratios of patient survival based on multivariable Cox models, which found that Long COVID had a more direct impact on survival in elderly patients and those with SOT.
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