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The Checkpointed Longest Chain: User-dependent Adaptivity and Finality
Longest-chain protocols such as the one invented by Nakamoto for Bitcoin...
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Proof-of-Stake Longest Chain Protocols Revisited
The Nakamoto longest chain protocol has served Bitcoin well in its decad...
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PoSAT: Proof-of-Work Availability andUnpredictability, without the Work
An important feature of Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains is full dynamic ...
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Ebb-and-Flow Protocols: A Resolution of the Availability-Finality Dilemma
The CAP theorem says that no blockchain can be live under dynamic partic...
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Fast-HotStuff: A Fast and Resilient HotStuff Protocol
The HotStuff protocol is a recent breakthrough inByzantine Fault Toleran...
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On decentralized oracles for data availability
Nakamoto consensus, the protocol underlying Bitcoin, has the potential t...
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Can 100 Machines Agree?
Agreement protocols have been typically deployed at small scale, e.g., u...
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TaiJi: Longest Chain Availability with BFT Fast Confirmation
Most state machine replication protocols are either based on the 40-years-old Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) theory or the more recent Nakamoto's longest chain design. Longest chain protocols, designed originally in the Proof-of-Work (PoW) setting, are available under dynamic participation, but has probabilistic confirmation with long latency dependent on the security parameter. BFT protocols, designed for the permissioned setting, has fast deterministic confirmation, but assume a fixed number of nodes always online. We present a new construction which combines a longest chain protocol and a BFT protocol to get the best of both worlds. Using this construction, we design TaiJi, the first dynamically available PoW protocol which has almost deterministic confirmation with latency independent of the security parameter. In contrast to previous hybrid approaches which use a single longest chain to sample participants to run a BFT protocol, our native PoW construction uses many independent longest chains to sample propose actions and vote actions for the BFT protocol. This design enables TaiJi to inherit the full dynamic availability of Bitcoin, as well as its full unpredictability, making it secure against fully-adaptive adversaries with up to 50
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