Sub-logarithmic Distributed Oblivious RAM with Small Block Size
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Oblivious RAM (ORAM) is a cryptographic primitive that allows a client to securely execute RAM programs over data that is stored in an untrusted server. Distributed Oblivious RAM is a variant of ORAM, where the data is stored in m non-colluding servers. Extensive research over the last few decades have succeeded to reduce the bandwidth overhead of ORAM schemes, both in the single-server and the multi-server setting, from O(√(N)) to O(1). However, all known protocols that achieve a sub-logarithmic overhead either require heavy server-side computation (e.g. homomorphic encryption), or a relatively large block size of at least Ω(^3 N). In this paper, we present a family of distributed ORAM constructions that follow the hierarchical approach of Goldreich and OstrovskyGO. We enhance known techniques, and develop new ones, to take better advantage of the existence of multiple servers. By plugging efficient known hashing schemes in our constructions, we get the following results: 1. For any number m≥ 2 of servers, we show an m-server ORAM scheme with O( N/ N) overhead, and block size Ω(^2 N). This scheme is resilient even against an (m-1)-server adversary. 2. A three-server ORAM construction with O(ω(1)· N/ N) overhead and a block size almost logarithmic, i.e. Ω(^1+ϵN). We also investigate a model where the servers are allowed to perform a linear amount of light local computations, and show that constant overhead is achievable in this model, through a simple four-server ORAM protocol. This is the first ORAM scheme with constant overhead, and polylogarithmic block size, that does not use homomorphic encryption.
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