1 Introduction
In the recent paper [1], Denton et al. provided the eigenvector-eigenvalue identity for Hermitian matrices, and a survey was also given for such identity in the literature. The main aim of this paper is to present the identity related to singular vectors and singular values of a general matrix. Indeed, this topic has been studied by Thompson [2]. In particular, the interlacing inequalities for singular values of submstrices are derived in [2].
Let be a matrix with singular values and normed left singular vectors and right singular vectors . denotes the conjugate transpose of . The elements of each left singular vector are denoted and right singular vector . Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of . Let be matrix after deleting the s-th column of and be singular values of .
Lemma 1[1] Let be a Hermitian matrix with distinct eigenvalues and normed eigenvectors The elements of each eigenvector are denoted . Let be the submatrix of that results from deleting the j-th column and the j-th row, with eigenvalues . Then
Lemma 2[1] Let be a Hermitian matrix with eigenvalues and normed eigenvectors The elements of each eigenvector are denoted . Let be the submatrix of that results from deleting the j-th column and the j-th row, with eigenvalues . Then
In this paper, we establish the following theorem. We first present singular vectors from distinct singular values of matrix .
Theorem 1 Let with distinct singular values and be left singular vector matrix of and be right singular vector matrix of . Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of . Let be matrix after deleting the s-th column of and be singular values of . Then
Then we deduce singular vectors from singular values of matrix .
Theorem 2 Let with singular values and be left singular vector matrix of and be right singular vector matrix of . Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of . Let be matrix after deleting the s-th column of and be singular values of . Then
We note that the identities in Theorems 1 and 2 are not given in the previous results. The organization of this paper is given as follows. In Section 2, we present the proofs of the two main theorems. The concluding remarks are given in Section 3.
2 The Proof
In this section, we give the proofs of Theorems 1 and 2.
Proof of Theorem 1.
Let singular value decompositions of
be , where . (i) Let with Sinceby Lemma 1 we have
(1) |
where is the submatrix of that results from deleting the th column and the th row, with eigenvalues . It is easy to see that
Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of , then
and
(2) |
Since has distinct singular values, by (1) and (2) we have
(ii) Let with Since
by Lemma 1 we have
(3) |
where is the submatrix of that results from deleting the th column and the th row, with eigenvalues . It is easy to see that
Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of , then
and
(4) |
Since has distinct singular values, by (3) and (4) we have
This completes the proof.
By using the similar trick, we can show the results of Theorem 2.
Proof of Theorem 2. Let singular value decompositions of be , where . (i) Let with Since
by Lemma 1 we have
(5) |
where is the submatrix of that results from deleting the th column and the th row, with eigenvalues . It is easy to see that
Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of , then
and
(6) |
By (5) and (6) we have
(ii) Let with Since
by Lemma 1 we have
(7) |
where is the submatrix of that results from deleting the th column and the th row, with eigenvalues . It is easy to see that
Let be matrix after deleting the j-th row of and be singular values of , then
and
(8) |
By (7) and (8) we have
This completes the proof.
3 Concluding Remarks
In [1], Denton et al. revisited the identity of eigenvalue-eigenvector for Hermitian matrices. This identity has been discovered by many researchers in the literature. In this paper, we derived similar identity for singular vectors and singular values of general matrices. However, we find these results have not been studied previously. As a future research work, it may be useful to apply this new identity formula to matrix perturbation problems and the calculation of arbitrary singular values and singular vector instead of all singular values and singular vectors.
References
- [1] P. Denton, S. Parke, T. Tao and X. Zhang, Eigenvectors from Eigenvalues: a Survey of a Basic Identity in Linear Algebra, arXiv:1908.03795.
- [2] R. Thompson, Principal Submatrices IX: Interlacing Inequalities for Singular Values of Submatrices, Linear Algebra and its Applications, V5 (1972), pp. 1-12.
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