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I Supplemental Material
i.1 Geometrical picture of eigenvector continuation error
We will present a geometrical picture of eigenvector continuation (EC) error as well as some additional insight into the error estimate that appears in Eq. (3) of the main text. We consider a Hamiltonian manifold that depends on the control parameters . We write for the eigenvector of interest and for the corresponding energy eigenvalue. Suppose we know the eigenvectors at different training points, . We label the set of training eigenvectors as . Let us define the norm matrix as
(S1) |
and let be the determinant of . Then corresponds to the square of the volume of the
-dimensional parallelopiped defined by the vectors in the set
. If all the eigenvectors are normalized, then the maximum possible volume is 1, which is attained when all the eigenvectors are orthogonal.Let us now consider selecting the next training point, . Let be the projection operator onto the linear span of , and let be the orthogonal complement so that . Suppose we now expand our training set by adding another training vector to form . Let us define the perpendicular projection vector as
(S2) |
Since is the squared volume of the parallelopiped defined by the vectors in and is the squared volume of the parallelopiped defined by the vectors in , it follows that the ratio to is given by the squared norm of ,
(S3) |
Let us define the projections of onto and subspaces as
(S4) |
The EC approximation is nothing more than the approximation of by some eigenvector of , which we denote as . Let the corresponding energy be labelled so that
(S5) |
We also label the eigenvectors of contained in the orthogonal complement as,
(S6) |
When the difference between the exact eigenvector and the eigenvector continuation approximation of the eigenvector is small, we can use first order perturbation theory to write
(S7) |
To first order in perturbation theory, the residual vector is just . We therefore have
(S8) |
If we now combine with Eq. (S3), we get
(S9) |
We can now connect this result with the error or loss function in the main text. The second part of the equation gives an expression for the error term using first-order perturbation theory, and the first part of the equation is a geometrical interpretation of the error term as the ratio of the squared volumes, to . Taking the logarithm of the square root, we get
(S10) |
The term in the numerator,
(S11) |
will go to zero at each of the training points, causing large variations in the logarithm of the error as we add more and more training points. In contrast, the term in the denominator, , will be smooth as a function of . Similarly, will also be a smooth function of . We can write
(S12) |
where is a constant and averages to zero over the entire domain of . While the function is unknown, it will be dominated by the large variations in the logarithm of the error as more and more training points are added. We note that
(S13) |
We therefore arrive at the variance error estimate used in the main text,
(S14) |
i.2 Model 2 Hamiltonian
Model 2 describes four-distinguishable particles with equal masses on a three-dimensional lattice with pairwise point interactions with coefficients for each pair . We use lattice units where physical quantities are multiplied by powers of the spatial lattice spacing to make the combinations dimensionless. We take the common mass to equal in lattice units. We let denote the spatial lattice points on our three dimensional periodic lattice. Let the lattice annihilation and creation operators for particle be written as and respectively. The free non-relativistic lattice Hamiltonian has the form
(S15) |
We add to the free Hamiltonian single-site contact interactions, and the resulting Hamiltonian then has the form
(S16) |
where is the density operator for particle ,
(S17) |