Secure Internet Exams Despite Coercion

07/26/2022

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by   Mohammadamin Rakeei, et al.

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We study coercion-resistance for online exams. We propose two properties, Anonymous Submission and Single-Blindness which, if hold, preserve the anonymity of the links between tests, test takers, and examiners even when the parties coerce one another into revealing secrets. The properties are relevant: not even Remark!, a secure exam protocol that satisfied anonymous marking and anonymous examiners results to be coercion resistant. Then, we propose a coercion-resistance protocol which satisfies, in addition to known anonymity properties, the two novel properties we have introduced. We prove our claims formally in ProVerif. The paper has also another contribution: it describes an attack (and a fix) to an exponentiation mixnet that Remark! uses to ensure unlinkability. We use the secure version of the mixnet in our new protocol.