Removing Sequential Bottleneck of Dijkstra's Algorithm for the Shortest Path Problem
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All traditional methods of computing shortest paths depend upon edge-relaxation where the cost of reaching a vertex from a source vertex is possibly decreased if that edge is used. We introduce a method which maintains lower bounds as well as upper bounds for reaching a vertex. This method enables one to find the optimal cost for multiple vertices in one iteration and thereby reduces the sequential bottleneck in Dijkstra's algorithm. We present four algorithms in this paper --- SP_1, SP_2, SP_3 and SP_4. SP_1 and SP_2 reduce the number of heap operations in Dijkstra's algorithm. For directed acyclic graphs, or directed unweighted graphs they have the optimal complexity of O(e) where e is the number of edges in the graph which is better than that of Dijkstra's algorithm. For general graphs, their worst case complexity matches that of Dijkstra's algorithm for a sequential implementation but allows for greater parallelism. Algorithms SP_3 and SP_4 allow for even more parallelism but with higher work complexity. Algorithm SP_3 requires O(n + e(( n, Δ))) work where n is the number of vertices and Δ is the maximum in-degree of a node. Algorithm SP_4 has the most parallelism. It requires O(ne) work. These algorithms generalize the work by Crauser, Mehlhorn, Meyer, and Sanders on parallelizing Dijkstra's algorithm.
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