Personalized Saliency and its Prediction
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Almost all existing visual saliency models focus on predicting a universal saliency map across all observers. Yet psychology studies suggest that visual attention of different observers can vary a lot under some specific circumstances, especially when they view scenes with multiple salient objects. However, few work explores this visual attention difference probably because of lacking a proper dataset, as well as complex correlation between visual attention, personal preferences, and image contents. In this paper, we set out to study this heterogenous visual attention pattern between different observers and build the first dataset for personalized saliency detection. Further, we propose to decompose a personalized saliency map (referred to as PSM) into a universal saliency map (referred to as USM) which can be predicted by any existing saliency detection models and a discrepancy between them. Then personalized saliency detection is casted as the task of discrepancy estimation between PSM and USM. To tackle this task we propose two solutions: i) The discrepancy estimation for different observers are casted as different but related tasks. Then we feed the image and its USM into a multi-task convolutional neural network framework to estimate the discrepancy between PSM and USM for each observer; ii) As the discrepancy is related to both image contents and the observers' person-specific information, we feed the image and its associated USM into a convolutional neural network with person-specific information encoded filters to estimate the discrepancy. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our models for PSM prediction as well their generalization capability for unseen observers.
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