Outage Performance of A Unified Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Framework

In this paper, a unified framework of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks is proposed, which can be applied to code-domain NOMA (CD-NOMA) and power-domain NOMA (PD-NOMA). Since the detection of NOMA users mainly depend on efficient successive interference cancellation (SIC) schemes, both imperfect SIC (ipSIC) and perfect SIC (pSIC) are taken into considered. To characterize the performance of this unified framework, the exact and asymptotic expressions of outage probabilities as well as delay-limited throughput for CD/PD-NOMA with ipSIC/pSIC are derived. Based on the asymptotic analysis, the diversity orders of CD/PD-NOMA are provided. It is confirmed that due to the impact of residual interference (RI), the outage probability of the n-th user with ipSIC for CD/PD-NOMA converges to an error floor in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the outage behavior of CD-NOMA is superior to that of PD-NOMA.

Authors

• 8 publications
• 13 publications
• 30 publications
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• 17 publications
• A Unified Framework for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

This paper proposes a unified framework of non-orthogonal multiple acces...

01/21/2019 ∙ by Xinwei Yue, et al. ∙ 0

• Analysis of Outage Probabilities for Cooperative NOMA Users with Imperfect CSI

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising spectrally-efficien...

09/25/2018 ∙ by Xuesong Liang, et al. ∙ 0

• Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) in Poisson Networks

A network model is considered where Poisson distributed base stations tr...

03/21/2018 ∙ by Konpal Shaukat Ali, et al. ∙ 0

• Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in UAV-to-Everything (U2X) Networks

07/12/2019 ∙ by Tianwei Hou, et al. ∙ 0

• Spatial Multiple Access (SMA): Enhancing performances of MIMO-NOMA systems

The error performance of the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techn...

10/18/2018 ∙ by Ferdi Kara, et al. ∙ 0

• On the Secrecy Unicast Throughput Performance of NOMA Assisted Multicast-Unicast Streaming With Partial Channel Information

This paper considers a downlink single-cell non-orthogonal multiple acce...

10/23/2018 ∙ by Bo Chen, et al. ∙ 0

• An Analysis of Uplink Asynchronous Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

Recent studies have numerically demonstrated the possible advantages of ...

06/23/2018 ∙ by Xun Zou, et al. ∙ 0

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I Introduction

To enhance spectrum efficiency and massive connectivity, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) [1, 2] has been identified as one of the key technologies for the fifth generation (5G) networks. The pivotal feature of NOMA is its capability of sharing the same physical resource element (RE), where multiple users’ signals are linearly superposed over different power levels by using the superposition coding scheme. To get the desired signal, multi-user detection algorithm [3], i.e., successive interference cancellation (SIC) or message passing algorithm (MPA) is carried out at the receiver.

More particularly, based on spreading signature of multiple access (MA), NOMA schemes can be divided into two categories: power-domain NOMA (PD-NOMA) and code-power NOMA (CD-NOMA). In [4]

, two evaluation metrics of PD-NOMA networks including outage probability and ergodic rate have been proposed, where the outage behaviors of users and ergodic rate have been discussed by applying stochastic geometry. From a practical perspective, the authors in

[5] studied the performance of PD-NOMA for the two-user case with imperfect channel state information (CSI), where the closed-form expressions of outage probability were derived. When NOMA users have similar channel conditions, the authors of [6] proposed a PD-NOMA based multicast-unicast scheme and verified that the spectral efficiency of PD-NOMA based multicast-unicast scheme is higher than that of orthogonal multiple access (OMA) based one.

As a further advance, CD-NOMA is viewed as a special extension of PD-NOMA, in which the data streams of multiple users are directly mapped into multiple REs (or subcarriers ) through the sparse matrix/codebook or low density spread sequence. Actually, CD-NOMA mainly include sparse code multiple access (SCMA), pattern division multiple access (PDMA), multi-user sharing access (MUSA), etc. In [7], the authors proposed a sub-optimal design approach to design the sparse codebook of SCMA. On the condition of the fixed sparse pattern matrix, the authors of [8] evaluated the link level performance of PDMA and confirmed that PDMA can achieve the higher spectrum efficiency than OMA. In [9], MUSA is capable of adopting a grant-free scheme to support Internet of Things (IoT) scenario. However, up to now, there is no work investigating the performance of the unified NOMA framework.

Driven by this, we investigate the outage performance of the unified NOMA framework by invoking stochastic geometry. Since the detection of NOMA users mainly depend on efficient SIC schemes, both imperfect SIC (ipSIC) and perfect SIC (pSIC) are taken into considered. We derive the exact expressions of outage probability for a pair of NOMA users (i.e., the -th user and -th user) in the unified framework. To obtain deep insights, we further derive the asymptotic outage probability of two users and attain the corresponding diversity orders. Due to the impact of residual interference (RI), the outage behavior of the -th user with ipSIC for CD/PD-NOMA (CD-NOMA and PD-NOMA) converges to an error floor. Furthermore, we confirm that the outage behavior of CD-NOMA is superior to that of PD-NOMA. Additionally, we analyze system throughput for CD/PD-NOMA in the delay-limited transmission.

Ii Network Model

Ii-a Network Descriptions

Consider a unified NOMA downlink transmission scenario, where a base station (BS) transmits the information to randomly users. The BS directly maps the data streams of multiple users into subcarriers or REs by utilizing one sparse spreading matrix , in which there are a few number of non-zero entries within it and satisfies the relationship . For simplicity, we assume that the BS and NOMA users are equipped with a single antenna, respectively. Assuming that the BS is located at the center of circular cluster denoted as , with radius and the

NOMA users are uniformly distributed within circular cluster

[10]. To facilitate analysis, we assumed that users are divided into orthogonal pairs, in which the distant user and the nearby user can be distinguished based on their disparate channel conditions. Furthermore, each pair of users is randomly selected to carry out the NOMA protocol [4, 11]. A bound pass model is employed to model the channel coefficients in networks from the BS to users. Meanwhile, these wireless links are disturbed by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with mean power . Without loss of generality, the effective channel gains between the BS and users are sorted as [12, 13] with the assistance of order statistics. In this paper, we focus on the -th user paired with the -th user for NOMA transmission.

Ii-B Signal Model

Regarding the unified NOMA downlink transmission scenario, the BS transmits the superposed signals to multiple users, where the data stream of each user spreads over one column of sparse matrix. Hence the observation at the -th user over subcarriers is given by

 yφ=diag(hφ)(gn√Psanxn+gm√Psamxm)+nφ, (1)

where , and are the normalized unity power signals for the -th and -th users, respectively, i.e, . We assume the fixed power allocation coefficients satisfy the condition that with , which is for fairness considerations.

denotes the normalized transmission power at BS. The sparse indicator vector of the

-th user is denoted by , which is one column of . More specifically, is the subcarrier index, where indicates the signals are mapped into the corresponding RE, otherwise, . Let denotes the channel vector between the BS and -th user occupying subcarriers with , where is the Rayleigh fading channel gain between the BS and -th user occupying the -th subcarrier, is a frequency dependent factor, is the path loss exponent and is the distance from BS to -th user. denotes the AWGN.

To maximize the output SNRs and diversity orders, we employ the maximal ratio combiner (MRC) at the -th user over subcarriers. Let , and then the received signal at the -th user can be written as

 ~yφ = uφdiag(hφ)(gn√Psanxn+gm√Psamxm)+uφnφ. (2)

Based on aforementioned assumptions, the signal-plus-interference-to-noise ratio (SINR) at the -th user to detect the -th user’s signal is given by

 γn→m=ρ∥diag(hn)gm∥22amρ∥diag(hn)gn∥22an+1, (3)

where denotes the transmit SNR. For the sake of simplicity, assuming that and have the same column weights for .

By applying SIC [14], the SINR of the -th user, who needs to decode the information of itself is given by

 γn=ρ∥diag(hn)gn∥22anϖρ∥hI∥22+1, (4)

where and denote the pSIC and ipSIC operations, respectively. Note that denotes the RI channel vector at subcarriers with .

The SINR of the -th NOMA user to decode the information of itself can be expressed as

 γm=ρ∥diag(hm)gm∥22amρ∥diag(hm)gn∥22an+1. (5)

Iii Performance evaluation

In this section, the outage probability for a pair of NOMA users is selected as a metric to evaluate the performance of the unified downlink NOMA networks.

Iii-a The outage probability of the m-th user

The outage event of the -th user is that the -th user cannot detect its own information. Hence the outage probability of the -th user for CD-NOMA can be expressed as

 Pm,CD=Pr(γm<εm), (6)

where and is the target rate of the -th user. The following theorem provides the outage probability of the -th user.

Theorem 1.

The outage probability of the -th user for CD-NOMA is given by

 Pm,CD≈ ϕmM−m∑p=0(M−mp)(−1)pm+p ×[U∑u=1bu(1−e−τcuηK−1∑i=01i!(τcuη)i)]m+p, (7)

where with , , , , , and is a parameter to ensure a complexity-accuracy tradeoff.

Proof.

See Appendix A. ∎

Corollary 1.

For the special case with , the outage probability of the -th user for PD-NOMA is given by

 Pm,PD≈ϕmM−m∑p=0(M−mp)(−1)pm+p[U∑u=1bu(1−e−τcuη)]m+p. (8)

Iii-B The outage probability of the n-th user

As stated in [4, 15], the outage for the -th user can happen in the following two cases : 1) The -th user cannot decode the message of the -th user; and 2) The -th user can decode the message of the -th user, then carries out SIC operations, but cannot decode the information of itself. Hence the outage probability of the -th user can be expressed as

 Pn,CD= Pr{γn→m≤εm} +Pr{γn→m>εm,γn≤εn}, (9)

where with being the target rate at the -th user to detect the -th user. The following theorem provides the outage probability of the -th user with ipSIC for CD-NOMA.

Theorem 2.

The outage probability of the -th user with ipSIC for CD-NOMA is given by (10), where , and .

Proof.

See Appendix B. ∎

Substituting into (10), the outage probability of the -th user with pSIC for CD-NOMA is given by

 PpSICn,CD≈ (11)
Corollary 2.

For the special case with , the outage probability of the -th user with ipSIC for PD-NOMA is given by

 PipSICn,PD≈ ϕnΩIM−n∑p=0(M−np)(−1)pn+p ×∫∞0e−yΩI[U∑u=1bu(1−e−cu(ϑy+β)η)]n+pdy. (12)

Substituting into (2), the outage probability of the -th user with pSIC for PD-NOMA is given by

 PpSICn,PD≈ (13)

Iii-C Diversity Order Analysis

To obtain deep insights, diversity order analysis is present, which highlights the slope of the curves for outage probabilities varying with the SNRs. The definition of diversity order is given by

 d=−limρ→∞log(P∞(ρ))logρ, (14)

where denotes the asymptotic outage probability at high SNR region.

Corollary 3.

The asymptotic outage probability of the -th user for CD-NOMA is given by

 P∞m,CD≈M!(M−m)!m![U∑u=1buK!(τcuη)K]m. (15)
Proof.

By definition, . Applying power series expansion, the summation term can be rewritten as . Substituting into , when , with the approximation of is formulated as . Furthermore, substituting into (1) and taking the first term , we obtain (15). The proof is completed. ∎

For the special case with , the asymptotic outage probability of the -th user for PD-NOMA is given by

 P∞m,PD≈M!(M−m)!m![U∑u=1bu(τcuη)]m. (16)
Remark 1.

Upon substituting (15) and (16) into (14), the diversity orders of the -th user for CD-NOMA and PD-NOMA are and , respectively.

Corollary 4.

The asymptotic outage probability of the -th user with ipSIC for CD-NOMA is given by

 PipSIC,∞n,CD≈ϕn(K−1)ΩKIM−n∑p=0(M−np)(−1)pn+p∫∞0yK−1 ×e−yΩI[U∑u=1bu(1−e−yϑcuηK−1∑i=01i!(yϑcuη)i)]n+pdy. (17)

Substituting into (4), the asymptotic outage probability of the -th user with pSIC for CD-NOMA is given by

 PpSIC,∞n,CD≈M!(M−n)!n![U∑u=1buK!(βcuη)K]n. (18)
Remark 2.

Upon substituting (4) and (18) into (14), the diversity orders of the -th user with ipSIC/pSIC for CD-NOMA are zero and , respectively.

Corollary 5.

For the special case with , the asymptotic outage probability of the -th user with ipSIC for PD-NOMA is given by

 PipSIC,∞n,PD≈ ϕnΩIM−n∑p=0(M−np)(−1)pn+p ×∫∞0e−yΩI[U∑u=1bu(1−e−yϑcuη)]n+pdy. (19)

Substituting into (5), the asymptotic outage probability of the -th user with pSIC for PD-NOMA is given by

 PpSIC,∞n,PD≈M!(M−n)!n![U∑u=0bu(τcuη)]n. (20)
Remark 3.

Upon substituting (5) and (20) into (14), the diversity orders of the -th user with ipSIC/pSIC for PD-NOMA are zero and , respectively.

Iii-D Throughput Analysis

In this subsection, the system throughput of the unified NOMA framework is characterized in delay-limited transmission mode. In this mode, the BS transmits information at a constant rate , which is subject to the effect of outage probability. Hence the system throughput of CD/PD-NOMA with ipSIC/pSIC is given by

 Rψϕ=(1−Pm,ϕ)Rn+(1−Pψn,ϕ)Rm, (21)

where , . and are given by (1) and (8), respectively. , , and are given by (10) and (III-B), (2) and (III-B), respectively.

Iv Numerical Results

In this section, simulation results are presented to verify the analytical results derived in the above sections. In this unified framework considered, we assume the power allocation coefficients of a pair of users are and , respectively. The target rates are set to be BPCU, where BPCU is short for bit per channel use. Setting the pathloss exponent to be and the system carrier frequency is equal to GHz. The complexity-vs-accuracy tradeoff parameter is set to be . Without loss of generality, the OMA is selected to be a benchmark for comparison purposes. Note that NOMA users with low target data rate can be applied to the IoT scenarios, which require low energy consumption, small packet service and so on.

Fig. 1 plots the outage probability of a pair of NOMA users (the -th and -th user) versus the transmit SNR with pSIC/pSIC, where . The exact analytical curves for the outage probability of the -th user is plotted according to (1). Furthermore, the exact analytical curves for the outage probability of the -th user with ipSIC/pSIC are plotted based on (10) and (III-B), respectively. Obviously, the exact outage probability curves match perfectly with the Monte Carlo simulations results. We observed that the outage behavior of conventional OMA is inferior to the -th user with pSIC and superior to the -th user. This is due to the fact that NOMA is capable of providing better fairness since multiple users are served simultaneously, which is the same as the conclusions in [4, 16].

Additionally, as can be seen from Fig. 1, the dashed curves represent the asymptotic COP of the -th user and -th user with pSIC, which can be obtained by numerically evaluating (15) and (18). One can observe that the asymptotic outage probabilities are approximated to the analytical results in the high SNR region. The dotted curves represent the asymptotic outage probabilities of the -th user with ipSIC, which are calculated from (4), respectively. It is shown that the outage performance of the -th user converges to an error floor and obtain zero diversity order. Due to the influence of RI, the outage behavior of the -th user with ipSIC is inferior to OMA. This is because that the RI signal from imperfect cancellation operation is the dominant impact factor. With the value of RI increasing from dB to dB, the outage behavior of the -th user is becoming more worse and deteriorating. Hence the design of effective multiuser receiver algorithm is significant to improve the performance of NOMA networks in practical scenario.

Fig. 2 plots the outage probability versus SNR with the different number of subcarriers (i.e., and ). For the special case with , the unified framework of NOMA becomes PD-NOMA. The exact outage probability curve of the -th user for PD-NOMA is plotted according to (8). The exact outage probability curves of the -th user with ipSIC/pSIC are given by Monte Carlo simulations and precisely match with the analytical expressions, which have been derived in (2) and (III-B), respectively. The asymptotic outage probabilities of this pair of users for PD-NOMA are also approximated with the analytical results in the high SNR region. We observe that CD-NOMA has a more steep slope and can provide better outage performance than PD-NOMA. This is due to the fact that CD-NOMA is capable of achieving the higher diversity orders.

Fig. 3 plots the outage probabilities versus SNR for different user target rates. We observe that with increasing target rates, the lower outage probabilities are achieved. This is due to the fact that the achievable rates are directly related to the target SNRs. It is beneficial to detect the superposed signals for the selected user pairing with smaller target SNRs. It is worth pointing out that the impact of practical scenario parameter frequency dependent factor has been taken into account in the unified NOMA framework. Furthermore, the incorrect choice of and will lead to the improper outage behavior for the unified framework.

Fig. 4 plots the system throughput versus SNR in the delay-limited transmission mode. The solid black curves represent throughput of CD/PD-NOMA with ipSIC/pSIC, which can be obtained from (21). The dash-dotted blue curves represent throughput of CD-NOMA and PD-NOMA with ipSIC for the different values of RI. We observe that CD-NOMA attains a higher throughput compared to PD-NOMA, since CD-NOMA has the smaller outage probabilities. This is due to that CD-NOMA is capable of attaining the larger diversity order than that of PD-NOMA. Another observation is that increasing the values of RI from dB to dB will reduce the system throughput in high SNR region. This is because that CD/PD-NOMA converge to the error floors in the high SNR region.

V Conclusions

This paper has investigated the outage performance of a unified NOMA framework insightfully by invoking stochastic geometry. The exact expressions for outage probability of a pair of users with ipSIC/pSIC have been derived. It has been observed that the diversity orders of the -th user for CD/PD-NOMA are and , respectively. However, due to the influence of RI, the diversity orders achieved by the -th user with ipSIC are zeros for CD/PD-NOMA. On the basis of analytical results, we observed that the outage behaviors of CD-NOMA is superior to that of PD-NOMA. Additionally, the system throughput of CD/PD-NOMA with ipSIC/pSIC has been discussed in the delay-limited transmission mode.

Appendix A: Proof of Theorem 1

The proof starts by assuming and have the same column weights for . That is to say that and follow the same distribution. Hence based on (5), the expression for outage probability of the -th user is rewritten as

 Pm,CD=Pr(Zm<εmρ(am−εman)Δ=τ), (A.1)

where . It is observed that

is subject to a Gamma distribution with the parameters of

. The corresponding CDF of is given by .

In addition, on the basis of order statistics [12], the CDF of the sorted channel gains between the BS and users over subcarriers has a specific relationship with the unsorted channels, which can be expressed as follows:

 FZm(z)=ϕmM−m∑p=0(M−mp)(−1)pm+p[F∼Z(z)]m+p, (A.2)

where denotes the CDF of unsorted channels for the -th user. Due to the assumption of homogeneous PPPs [10] for randomly users and applying polar coordinate conversion, the CDF is given by

 F∼Z(z)=2R2D∫RD0⎡⎣1−e−z(1+rα)ηK−1∑i=01i!(z(1+rα)η)i⎤⎦rdr. (A.3)

Obviously, it is difficult to obtain effective insights from the above integral. We employ the Gaussian-Chebyshev quadrature to provide an approximation of (A.3) and rewrite it as follows:

 F∼Z(z)≈U∑u=1bu(1−e−zcuηK−1∑i=01i!(zcuη)i). (A.4)

Substituting (A.4) and (A.2) into (A.1), we can obtain (1) and complete the proof.

Appendix B: Proof of Theorem 2

Denote and , respectively. Substituting (3) and (4) into (III-B), the COP of can be expressed as

 (B.1)

where , with and . Noting that is also subjective to a Gamma distribution with the parameters of and the corresponding PDF is give by

 fYI(y)=yK−1e−yΩI(K−1)!ΩKI. (B.2)

After some mathematical manipulations, is calculated as

 J2= Pr(τ
 = ∫∞0fYI(y)FZn(ϑy+β)dyJ3−FZn(τ), (B.3)

where and . Similar to the proving process of (A.1), based on (B.2), can be given by

 J3≈ϕn(K−1)ΩKIM−n∑p=0(M−np)(−1)pn+p∫∞0yK−1e−yΩI ×⎡⎣U∑u=1bu⎛⎝1−e−cu(ϑy+β)ηK−1∑i=01i!((ϑy+β)cuη)i⎞⎠⎤⎦n+pdy. (B.4)

Substituting (Appendix B: Proof of Theorem 2) and (Appendix B: Proof of Theorem 2) into (Appendix B: Proof of Theorem 2), we can obtain (10) and complete the proof.

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