Ordinary Kriging surrogates in aerodynamics
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This chapter describes the methodology used to construct Kriging-based surrogate models and their possible application to uncertainty quantification and robust shape optimization. More particularly, a two-dimensional RAE 2822 airfoil at transonic speed is considered for which the shape of the baseline profile is altered by localized bumps of small amplitudes. The flow around the airfoil is then subjected to important changes compared to the baseline configuration. The aim of the surrogate is to assess their influence on the aerodynamic performance of the profile as quantified by its lift-to-drag ratio. An optimization analysis is subsequently carried out in order to extract the local extrema of this performance measure. Assigning some uncertainty to the bump amplitudes, it also reveals that the global maximum identified by a high-quality surrogate is not necessarily the most robust one. This example constitutes an interesting benchmark for testing uncertainty quantification and robust optimization strategies.
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