On the Importance of Architecture and Feature Selection in Differentially Private Machine Learning
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We study a pitfall in the typical workflow for differentially private machine learning. The use of differentially private learning algorithms in a "drop-in" fashion – without accounting for the impact of differential privacy (DP) noise when choosing what feature engineering operations to use, what features to select, or what neural network architecture to use – yields overly complex and poorly performing models. In other words, by anticipating the impact of DP noise, a simpler and more accurate alternative model could have been trained for the same privacy guarantee. We systematically study this phenomenon through theory and experiments. On the theory front, we provide an explanatory framework and prove that the phenomenon arises naturally from the addition of noise to satisfy differential privacy. On the experimental front, we demonstrate how the phenomenon manifests in practice using various datasets, types of models, tasks, and neural network architectures. We also analyze the factors that contribute to the problem and distill our experimental insights into concrete takeaways that practitioners can follow when training models with differential privacy. Finally, we propose privacy-aware algorithms for feature selection and neural network architecture search. We analyze their differential privacy properties and evaluate them empirically.
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