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Complexity of MLDP
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Post-Route Refinement for High-Frequency PCBs Considering Meander Segment Alleviation
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Maximum A Posteriori Probability (MAP) Joint Fine Frequency Offset and Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems with Channels of Arbitrary Correlation
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Online route choice modeling for Mobility-as-a-Service networks with non-separable, congestible link capacity effects
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Internal migration and mobile communication patterns among pairs with strong ties
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On Ridership and Frequency
In 2018, bus ridership attained its lowest level since 1973. If transit agencies hope to reverse this trend, they must understand how their service allocation policies affect ridership. This paper is among the first to model ridership trends on a hyper-local level over time. A Poisson fixed-effects model is developed to evaluate the ridership elasticity to frequency using passenger count data from Portland, Miami, Minneapolis/St-Paul, and Atlanta between 2012 and 2018. In every agency, ridership is found to be elastic to frequency when observing the variation between individual route-segments at one point in time. In other words, the most frequent routes are already the most productive. When observing the variation within each route-segment over time, however, ridership is inelastic; each additional vehicle-trip is expected to generate less ridership than the average bus already on the route. In three of the four agencies, the elasticity is a decreasing function of prior frequency, meaning that low-frequency routes are the most sensitive to frequency change. This paper can help transit agencies anticipate the marginal effect of shifting service throughout the network. As the quality and availability of passenger count data improve, this paper can serve as the methodological basis to explore the dynamics of bus ridership.
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