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# On Coverage Probability With Type-II HARQ in Large Uplink Cellular Networks

This letter studies uplink transmission in large-scale cellular networks with a Type-II hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) retransmission scheme, under which an unsuccessful transmission (if occurs) is combined with the corresponding retransmission through maximum-ratio combining (MRC) for decoding. Based on stochastic geometry analysis, the uplink coverage probabilities are characterized under a generalized power control scheme in the scenarios with quasi-static interference (QSI) and fast-varying interference (FVI), where the same or different interfering users are present during the transmission and retransmission phase, respectively. Our analytical expressions reveal some scaling properties of the coverage probabilities and can be used to evaluate the diversity gain of MRC (i.e., the ratio of the required signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) to achieve a target coverage probability with MRC to that without MRC). We show that the diversity gain of MRC is more remarkable in the scenario with QSI compared to that with FVI. Moreover, the diversity gain of MRC can be mostly exploited by adopting full channel-inversion power control.

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## I Introduction

Wireless communications are subjected to performance degradation caused by fading and interference fluctuations. Retransmission diversity is an essential approach used in wireless systems to combat such performance degradation and provide reliable data transfer. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is a key retransmission technique adopted in many existing standards, like 3GPP-LTE and WiMAX. Type-I HARQ and Type-II HARQ with chase combining (HARQ-CC) [1] are two major HARQ techniques. The former decodes the received signal of each transmission independently while the latter combines the received signals of different transmissions with maximum-ratio combining (MRC) for decoding.

Analysis of retransmission schemes in large-scale networks is fundamental to the understanding of retransmission diversity in practical communication systems. Only a few prior works have investigated HARQ schemes in large-scale cellular networks. Retransmission diversity loss in static networks is a key observation reported in the existing literature [1, 2, 3]. The diversity loss is due to temporal interference correlation because the initial transmission and the corresponding retransmission are affected by the same interferers. References [1] and [4] study both Type-I and Type-II HARQ-CC in downlink heterogeneous networks with and without base station (BS) cooperation, respectively. The focus of [3] is a unified analysis of Type-I HARQ in downlink cellular networks with different multiple-antenna configurations. These works highlight the presence of retransmission diversity loss, however, do not quantify its effect. The authors in [5] characterize the interference correlation in terms of Pearson’s correlation coefficient [6] in a cluster Poisson network with Type-I HARQ and find that interferer clustering increases the interference correlation. Different from the above literature that target downlink transmissions without power control, [7] studies Type-I HARQ in uplink cellular networks under fractional power control (FPC). To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing literature has investigated Type-II HARQ-CC in uplink cellular networks.

In this letter, we analyze the effects of power control on the transmission diversity loss and the diversity gain of MRC under Type-II HARQ in large-scale uplink cellular networks. We consider two practical types of interference, namely, the quasi-static interference (QSI) and the fast-varying interference (FVI), which are suitable for modeling static/low-mobility and high-mobility scenarios, respectively [8]. Specifically, in the former and latter scenarios, the initial transmission and retransmission (if there is) are affected by the same and different set of the interferers, respectively. As a result, the interference imposed on transmission and retransmission are temporarily correlated and independent, respectively. Our developed analytical framework reveals some scaling properties and provides insights into the effects of network parameters (e.g. power control parameters) on the uplink coverage performance.

The rest of the letter is organized as follows. Section II presents the system model and assumptions. The analytical results on the uplink coverage probability with Type-II HARQ-CC are presented in Section III. Section IV presents the numerical results and Section V concludes the letter.

## Ii System Model and Assumptions

We consider an uplink Poisson cellular network, where the BSs are distributed as a homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) with spatial density

and each BS is associated with a uniformly distributed user on each universally reused resource block, referred to as the user model of type I in

[9]. Note that due to the correlation of neighboring Voronoi cells of the BSs, the resulted user point process for each resource block is not a PPP. Without loss of generality, we analyze the uplink transmission performance of a typical user, denoted as . The serving BS of the typical user, named tagged BS, is located at the origin. We employ the power-law path-loss model with path-loss with exponent and small-scale fading. The fading gain, denoted as , between a user

and its serving BS, is assumed to be an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) exponential random variable with unit mean. Moreover,

are assumed to be i.i.d. and vary across different transmission attempts.

A generalized fractional power control (GFPC) scheme [10] is adopted for uplink transmission, which sets the transmit power of any user as

 Pi={ϱlαϵi if ϱlαϵi≤ˆP,¯P otherwise, (1)

where is the baseline transmit power, denotes the link distance between user and its associated BS, is the path-loss compensation exponent (PCE), and , respectively, denotes the maximum transmit power and the enforced transmit power if exceeds . Note that (1) generalizes several power control schemes of interest. Specifically, the GFPC is equivalent to i) FPC [11] when ; ii) truncated fractional power control (TFPC) [12] when and ; iii) full channel inversion power control (FCIPC) when and [11]; and iv) no power control (NPC) when .

The cellular network uses a Type-II HARQ-CC as the retransmission scheme. Specifically, the tagged BS requests the retransmission, denoted as , if the receive signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of the initial transmission, denoted as , is below a pre-defined threshold . Upon receiving the retransmission, the tagged BS performs decoding from the combined signals of the two transmissions based on MRC. With the GFPC, the uplink SIR at the tagged BS either for an initial transmission or the corresponding retransmission (if occurs) is calculated as

 η(t)=P0h0d−α0∑j∈ΦIPjhjd−αj(a)=h0lα(1−ϵ)0∑j∈ΦIlαϵjhjd−αj,t∈{T,R}, (2)

where denotes the distance between user and the tagged BS, , and follows as .

Let represent the realizations of the BS and the user point processes, respectively, during a transmission attempt of the typical user. Note that () is identical to and different from (), in the scenarios with QSI and FVI, denoted as and , respectively. In the following, the superscript is dropped for the scenario with QSI and kept for the scenario with FVI to indicate the identity and difference of the network realizations, respectively. Given the type of interference experienced, i.e. either or , the coverage probability is defined as

 (3)

where denotes the interference type indicator, represents the probability that the event happens, represents the coverage probability of the initial transmission, and are the sets of network realizations in the scenarios with QSI and FVI, respectively.

## Iii Analysis of Uplink Coverage Probability

This section characterizes the expectation of the coverage probability of a typical uplink user considering different settings of the power control parameters for scenarios with QSI and FVI. We start with the general results as follows.

###### Theorem 1.

The uplink coverage probability with GFPC can be closely approximated by (4) shown on the top of the next page,

where is

 ˜C(T)GFPC=∫BˆP0exp(−t−ωτ,0,t(uαϵ2vα2,Bαϵ2¯Pvα2tαϵ2))dt +∫∞BˆPexp(−t−ωτ,0,t(uαϵ2tαϵ2Bαϵ2¯Pvα2,v−α2)])dt, (5)

and , , , and are given, respectively, as

 ωa,b,c(x,y)=℧0,c(Qa,b(0,x))+℧BPc,c(Qa,b(x,y)), (6) and,ξa,b,c(x,y)=(℧0,c(Ga,b(x,0))+℧BPc,c(Ga,b(y,x))) ×exp(−t−ωa,b,c(x,y)), (7)

where , , , , therein .

###### Proof.

The proof is given in Appendix A. ∎

We notice from (4) that in the case when , is only affected by the product for given , and . This indicates that to guarantee a certain target coverage probability, the maximum transmit power of users can be set inversely proportional to the BS density ensuring a fixed value of .

Next, we investigate the uplink coverage probability in some special cases of the GFPC. We present the analytical results in the following corollaries, the detailed proofs of which are omitted due to the space limit.

###### Corollary 1.

The uplink coverage probability with FPC can be closely approximated by (1), shown on the top of the next page, where . Moreover, in the special case of FCIPC, can be further simplified as (9), where .

With the analytical expressions of and in (4) and (1), respectively, we have the following observation.

Remark 1: In an ultra-dense network, i.e. when , , which can be verified by letting as a direct result of .

###### Corollary 2.

The uplink coverage probability with NPC (i.e. when ) is closely approximated by (10), where and .

With the analytical expression of in (10), we have another scaling property of in (4) as follows.

Remark 2: Given the SIR threshold and , when , , which can be verified by letting as a direct result of .

###### Corollary 3.

The uplink coverage probability with TFPC (i.e. when ) is approximated by

where and are defined in (6) and (7), respectively, and .

## Iv Numerical Results

This section validates our analytical expressions through Monte Carlo simulations and evaluates the impact of different power control parameters. In the simulations, we set the BS density as BSs/km, path-loss exponent as , and baseline transmit power as dBm, unless otherwise stated. The curves and the markers are used to represent the analytical results and the simulation results, respectively.

### Iv-1 Impact of ϵ

Figure 1 compares the coverage probabilities achieved by the retransmission scheme with FVI and QSI and the initial transmission under FPC. The performance degradation of the retransmission scheme with QSI over that with FVI can be observed under different settings of PCE. To quantify such performance degradation, we evaluate the retransmission diversity loss, defined as the ratio of the required SIR to achieve a target coverage probability with FVI to that with QSI, i.e., , where represents the inverse function of . When the target coverage probability is , the diversity loss is around dB, dB and dB, when PCE equals , and , respectively. This reveals that the diversity loss can be effectively mitigated by increasing the path-loss compensation. Another observation is that higher path-loss compensation increases the coverage probability with a low SIR threshold, however, decreases the coverage probability with a large SIR threshold. Thus, it is more beneficial to adopt a smaller power control exponent when the target SIR is large.

### Iv-2 Impact of ˆP

Fig. 4 illustrates the coverage probabilities when the maximum transmit power dBm, dBm, dBm, (i.e. dB, dB, dB). It can be observed that the coverage probability benefits from larger at high-coverage regime but smaller at the low-coverage regime. When the target coverage probability is , the diversity loss is dB, dB and dB, respectively. This implies that setting a larger maximum transmit power reduces the diversity loss, which agrees with the findings in Fig. 1.

### Iv-3 Impact of ¯P

In Fig. 4, we examine how the enforced transmit power affects the coverage probabilities when the SIR threshold is relatively small (i.e. dB) and large (i.e. dB). We find that larger increases the coverage probabilities when is small but decreases the coverage probabilities when is large. This can be understood from the fact that the SIR at the receiver is more dominated by the received signal power and the interference power when is small and large, respectively. A larger brings higher received signal power while smaller causes less interference.

### Iv-4 Effect of MRC

Finally, we study the effect of MRC under FPC by comparing the coverage probability under retransmissions with and without MRC. The benefit of MRC is quantified in terms of diversity gain defined as , where denotes the coverage probability under retransmission without MRC (i.e. Type-I HARQ). Fig. 4 demonstrates the diversity gain of MRC under FPC with different values of PCE111The coverage probability of retransmission without MRC under FPC can be generated from (1) with and replaced by and , respectively, when and replaced by when . . The results manifest that larger diversity gain of MRC can be achieved by increasing the transmit power. Moreover, the diversity gain of MRC is more pronounced in the scenario with QSI than that with FVI, especially when the transmit power is low.

## V Conclusion

This letter presents a stochastic geometry analysis of a Type-II HARQ-CC retransmission scheme in uplink cellular networks with transmit power control. In particular, the uplink coverage probability in a large-scale cellular network is characterized in the scenarios of both QSI and FVI. Our study reveals the effects of different power control parameters on the retransmission diversity loss and the diversity gain achieved by MRC. In addition, the derived analytical expressions can be utilized to maximize the uplink coverage probability by optimizing the power control parameters.

## Proof of Theorem 1

###### Proof.

The distribution of uplink users is not a PPP. For tractability, we adopt the method introduced in [9] to approximate the distribution of the users. Specifically, are modeled by an inhomogeneous PPP with density . The functions of the density , the PDF of , i.e., , and that of , i.e., , are given, respectively, as

 ζI(dj)=ζB(1−exp(C1ζBπ∥dj∥2)),
 fl0(r)=2C2πζBrexp(−C2ζBπr2),

and

where and .

From the definition in (3), the coverage probability can be expressed as

 CAGFPC=C(T)GFPC+E[P[η(R)>τ−η(T)|ΞA]1{η(T)≤τ}],

where denotes the expectation operator, is the inductor function, represents the coverage probability of an initial transmission, which is obtained as (1) following similar derivations to the proof of Theorem 1 in [11], and the second term in the above equation can be derived as

 E[P[η(R)>τ−η(T)]1{η(T)≤τ}] =EΞA,h(R)[P[h(R)0lα(ϵ−1)0∑j∈Φ(R)Ih(R)jlαϵjd−αj>τ−η(T)]1{η(T)≤τ}] (11)

where (b) holds as

represents the PDF of calculated as (12) shown on the top of the next page.

Plugging (12) into (11) and applying the transformations and yields (13) shown on the next page, where (c) follows the substitution and , (d) applies the Campbell Mecke formula [6], and by following the probability generating functional for a PPP, can be further derived as

where the interfering users for the initial transmission and the retransmission are averaged over the same inhomogeneous PPP and two independent PPPs for the cases with QSI and FVI, respectively.

Then, by inserting into (13) and changing the variable and , the final results in (4) can be obtained after some mathematical simplification. ∎

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