1 Introduction
Normal distribution is the commonly used statistical distribution. Several distributions have been evolved by making some transformations on Normal distribution. Two-parameter Birnbaum-Saunders(BS) distribution is one such distribution introduced by Birnbaum and SaundersBS(1969a) , which have been developed by employing a monotone transformation on the standard normal distribution. Bhattacharyya and FriesBF(1982) established that a BS distribution can be obtained as an approximation of an inverse Gaussian (IG) distribution. DesmondD(1986) examined an interesting feature that a BS distribution can be viewed as an equal mixture of an IG distribution and its reciprocal. This property becomes helpful in deriving some properties of the BS distribution using properties of IG distribution.
Many different properties of BS distribution have been discussed by a number of authors. It has been observed that the probability density function of the BS distribution is unimodal. The shape of the hazard function (HF) plays an important role in lifetime data analysis. Kundu et al.
kkb(2008) and Bebbington et al.BLZ(2008) proved that HF of BS distriution is an unimodal function. The maximum likelihood estimator(MLE)s of the shape and scale parameters based on a complete sample were discussed by Birnbaum and SaundersBS(1969b) . The estimators of the unknown parameters in the case of a censored sample was first developed by RieckR(1995) . Ng et al.nkb(2003) provided modified moment estimator(MME)s of the parameters in the case of a complete sample which are in explicit form. Lifl(2006) suggested four different estimation techniques for both complete and censored samples.Several other models associated with BS distribution and their properties have been discussed in literature. For example, Rieck and NedelmanRN(1991) considered the log-linear model for the BS distribution. Desmond et al.DRL(2008) considered the BS regression model. Lemonte and CordeiroLC(2009)
considered the BS non-linear regression model. Kundu et al.
kbj(2010) introduced the bivariate BS distribution and studied some of its properties and characteristics. The multivariate generalized BS distribution has been introduced, by replacing the normal kernel by an elliptically symmetric kernel, by Kundu et al.kbj(2010) . A generalization of BS distribution is done by Chacko et al.cmb(2015) . Further research in inference and its generalization to bivariate and multivariate framework is still not addressed.In this paper, the generalization of Birnbaum Saunders distribution is considered. Section 2 reviewed univariate, bivariate and multivariate Birnbaum Saunders distribution. Section 3 discussed the univariate generalization of Birnbaum Saunders distribution. Section 4 discussed the bivariate generalization of Birnbaum Saunders distribution. Section 5 discussed the multivariate generalization of Birnbaum Saunders distribution. Application to real data set is given in section 6. Conclusions are given at the last section.
2 Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
2.1 Univariate Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
A random variable following the BS distribution is defined through a standard Normal random variable. Therefore the probability density function(pdf) and cumulative distribution function(cdf) of the BS model can be expressed in terms of the standard Normal pdf and cdf.
The cdf of a two parameter BS random variable T for can be written as
(1) |
where is the standard Normal cdf. The pdf of BS distribution is
(2) |
Here and are the shape and scale parameters respectively.
2.2 Bivariate Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
The bivariate Birnbaum-Saunders (BVBS) distribution was introduced by Kundu et.alkbj(2010)
. The bivariate random vector
is said to have a BVBS distribution with parameters if the cumulative distribution function of can be expressed as(3) |
for . Here is the cdf of standard bivariate normal vector with correlation coefficient . The corresponding pdf is
for .
2.3 Multivariate Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
Kundu et al.kbj(2013) introduced the multivariate BS distribution. Let , where and , with for . Let be a positive-definite correlation matrix. Then, the random vector is said to have a p-variate BS distribution with parameters if it has the joint CDF as
for Here, for denotes the joint cdf of a standard normal vector with correlation matrix . The joint pdf of can be obtained from the above equation as
for here, for
is the pdf of the standard Normal vector with correlation matrix .
Now consider the generalization of BS distribution.
3 Univariate -Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
Following Chacko et al. cmb(2015) , consider the univariate BS
distribution.
Let
instead of
in the univariate BS distribution. The cdf of a univariate -BS
random variable T can be written as
(4) |
where is the standard normal cdf. The parameters
and in 4 are the shape and scale parameters,
respectively.
The parameter governs both scale and shape.
If the random variable T has the BS distribution function in
4, then the corresponding pdf is
(5) |
The pdf is unimodal. Now the moments can be obtained as below.
3.1 Moments
If T is a - BS distribution, denoted as , then the moments of this distribution are obtained by making transformation
Using this, we get the moments.
3.2 Property of Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
Theorem 1.
If T has a -BS distribution with parameters and then also has a -BS distribution with parameters and
Proof.
Put , ,
∎
3.3 Estimation
The estimation of parameters can be done by method of maximum likelihood.
3.3.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimates
Let , ,…, be the random sample of size n. Based on a random sample, the MLEs of the unknown parameters can be obtained by maximising the log-likelihood function. The likelihood function is
The log-likelihood is
Equating the partial derivative of log-likelihood function with respect to parameters, to zero, we get,
and
The equations can be solved numerically.
4 Bivariate - Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
The bivariate random vector is said to have a bivariate BS distribution with parameters if the joint cdf of can be expressed as
Here and is cdf of standard bivariate Normal vector with correlation coefficient . The corresponding joint pdf of and is given by
where denotes the joint pdf of and given by
Now
Theorem 2.
If BV -BS then .
Proof.
∎
Theorem 3.
If then
4.0.1 Estimation
Based on a bivariate random sample from the distribution, the MLEs of the unknown parameters can be obtained by maximizing the log likelihood function. If we denote then the likelihood function is
The log-likelihood function is
5 Multivariate - Birnbaum Saunders Distribution
Along the same lines as the univariate and bivariate BS distribution, the multivariate BS distribution can be defined.
Then the multivariate BS distribution is as follows:
Definition 1.
Let , where and , with for . Let be a positive definite correlation matrix. Then, the random vector is said to have a m-variate BS distribution with parameters if it has the joint CDF as
for and . Here, for denotes the joint cdf of a standard Normal vector with correlation matrix .
5.1 Applications
Birnbaum and Saunders (1958) obtained fatigue life real data corresponding to cycles until failure of aluminum specimens of type 6061-T6, see Table 1. These specimens were cut parallel to the direction of rolling and oscillating at 18 cycles per seconds. They were exposed to a pressure with maximum stress 31,000 pounds per square inch (psi) for specimens for each level of stress. All specimens were tested until failure.
70 | 90 | 96 | 97 | 99 | 100 | 103 | 104 | 104 | 105 | 107 | 108 | 108 | 108 | 109 |
109 | 112 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 116 | 119 | 120 | 120 | 120 | 121 | 121 | 123 |
124 | 124 | 124 | 124 | 124 | 128 | 128 | 129 | 129 | 130 | 130 | 130 | 131 | 131 | 131 |
131 | 131 | 132 | 132 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 136 | 136 | 137 | 138 |
138 | 138 | 139 | 139 | 141 | 141 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 142 | 144 | 144 | 145 |
146 | 148 | 148 | 149 | 151 | 151 | 152 | 155 | 156 | 157 | 157 | 157 | 157 | 158 | 159 |
162 | 163 | 163 | 164 | 166 | 166 | 168 | 170 | 174 | 196 | 212 |
For this data set the point estimates of and obtained by the method of maximum likelihood are given in the table 2.
1.509180e+00 | 1.179090e-06 | 6.198936e+00 |
---|---|---|
|
Here Kolmogrov-Smirnov test statistic is 0.9703 and p-value is 0.3088. Since p-value is greater than significance level we can conclude that univariate
Birnbaum-Saunders distribution is a good fit for given data.5.2 Conclusion
This paper discussed a generalization of BS distribution.This three parameter distribution is more plausible model for the distribution of fatigue failure. There is flexibility in selection of models. Peakedness depends on the value of
. It is a good model for distributions with smaller variances. Moreover the shape of density curve with various skewness and kurtosis provide a well defined class of life distributions useful in reliability and social sciences. Snedecors F distribution has the property that reciprocal is also F, similar property holds for
Birnbaum Saunders distribution. But computation of MLE is a complicated one. But numerical procedure is applied for computation of MLE.References
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