Lower Bounds and Hardness Magnification for Sublinear-Time Shrinking Cellular Automata
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The minimum circuit size problem (MCSP) is a string compression problem with a parameter s in which, given the truth table of a Boolean function over inputs of length n, one must answer whether it can be computed by a Boolean circuit of size at most s(n) ≥ n. Recently, McKay, Murray, and Williams (STOC, 2019) proved a hardness magnification result for MCSP involving (one-pass) streaming algorithms: For any reasonable s, if there is no 𝗉𝗈𝗅𝗒(s(n))-space streaming algorithm with 𝗉𝗈𝗅𝗒(s(n)) update time for 𝖬𝖢𝖲𝖯[s], then 𝖯≠𝖭𝖯. We prove an equivalent result for the (provably) strictly less capable model of shrinking cellular automata (SCAs), which are cellular automata whose cells can spontaneously delete themselves. We show every language accepted by an SCA can also be accepted by a streaming algorithm of similar complexity, and we identify two different aspects in which SCAs are more restricted than streaming algorithms. We also show there is a language which cannot be accepted by any SCA in o(n / log n) time, even though it admits an O(log n)-space streaming algorithm with O(log n) update time, where n is the input length.
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