λ-domain VVC Rate Control Based on Game Theory
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Versatile Video Coding (VVC) has set a new milestone in high-efficiency video coding. In the standard encoder, the λ-domain rate control is incorporated for its high accuracy and good Rate-Distortion (RD) performance. In this paper, we formulate this task as a Nash equilibrium problem that effectively bargains between multiple agents, i.e., Coding Tree Units (CTUs) in the frame. After that, we calculate the optimal λ value with a two-step strategy: a Newton method to iteratively obtain an intermediate variable, and a solution of Nash equilibrium to obtain the optimal λ. Finally, we propose an effective CTU-level rate allocation with the optimal λ value. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to combine game theory with λ-domain rate control. Experimental results with Common Test Conditions (CTC) demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method, which outperforms the state-of-the-art CTU-level rate allocation algorithms.
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