Human vs Machine Attention in Neural Networks: A Comparative Study
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Recent years have witnessed a surge in the popularity of attention mechanisms encoded within deep neural networks. Inspired by the selective attention in the visual cortex, artificial attention is designed to focus a neural network on the most task-relevant input signal. Many works claim that the attention mechanism offers an extra dimension of interpretability by explaining where the neural networks look. However, recent studies demonstrate that artificial attention maps do not always coincide with common intuition. In view of these conflicting evidences, here we make a systematic study on using artificial attention and human attention in neural network design. With three example computer vision tasks (i.e., salient object segmentation, video action recognition, and fine-grained image classification), diverse representative network backbones (i.e., AlexNet, VGGNet, ResNet) and famous architectures (i.e., Two-stream, FCN), corresponding real human gaze data, and systematically conducted large-scale quantitative studies, we offer novel insights into existing artificial attention mechanisms and give preliminary answers to several key questions related to human and artificial attention mechanisms. Our overall results demonstrate that human attention is capable of bench-marking the meaningful `ground-truth' in attention-driven tasks, where the more the artificial attention is close to the human attention, the better the performance; for higher-level vision tasks, it is case-by-case. We believe it would be advisable for attention-driven tasks to explicitly force a better alignment between artificial and human attentions to boost the performance; such alignment would also benefit making the deep networks more transparent and explainable for higher-level computer vision tasks.
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