From Programming Bugs to Multimillion-Dollar Scams: An Analysis of Trapdoor Tokens on Decentralized Exchanges

09/09/2023

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by   Phuong Duy Huynh, et al.

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We investigate in this work a recently emerging type of scam token called Trapdoor, which has caused the investors hundreds of millions of dollars in the period of 2020-2023. In a nutshell, by embedding logical bugs and/or owner-only features to the smart contract codes, a Trapdoor token allows users to buy but prevent them from selling. We develop the first systematic classification of Trapdoor tokens and a comprehensive list of their programming techniques, accompanied by a detailed analysis on representative scam contracts. We also construct the very first dataset of 1859 manually verified Trapdoor tokens on Uniswap and build effective opcode-based detection tools using popular machine learning classifiers such as Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM, which achieve at least 0.98