Four heads are better than three
share
We construct recursively-presented finitely-generated torsion groups which have bounded torsion and whose word problem is conjunctive equivalent (in particular positive and Turing equivalent) to a given recursively enumerable set. These groups can be interpreted as groups of finite state machines or as subgroups of topological full groups, on effective subshifts over other torsion groups. We define a recursion-theoretic property of a set of natural numbers, called impredictability, which roughly states that a Turing machine can enumerate numbers such that every Turing machine occasionally "correctly guesses" whether they are in the language (by halting on them or not), even if trying not to, and given an oracle for shorter identities. We prove that impredictable recursively enumerable sets exist. Combining these constructions and slightly adapting a result of [Salo and Törmä, 2017], we obtain that four-headed group-walking finite-state automata can define strictly more subshifts than three-headed automata on a group containing a copy of the integers, confirming a conjecture of [Salo and Törmä, 2017]. These are the first examples of groups where four heads are better than one, and they show the maximal height of a finite head hierarchy is indeed four.
READ FULL TEXT