Fine-Grained Complexity of k-OPT in Bounded-Degree Graphs for Solving TSP
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Local search is a widely-employed strategy for finding good solutions to Traveling Salesman Problem. We analyze the problem of determining whether the weight of a given cycle can be decreased by a popular k-opt move. Earlier work has shown that (i) assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis, there is no algorithm to find an improving k-opt move in time f(k)n^o(k/ k) for any function f, while (ii) it is possible to improve on the brute-force running time of O(n^k) and save linear factors in the exponent. Modern TSP heuristics are very successful at identifying the most promising edges to be used in k-opt moves, and experiments show that very good global solutions can already be reached using only the top-O(1) most promising edges incident to each vertex. This leads to the following question: can improving k-opt moves be found efficiently in graphs of bounded degree? We answer this question in various regimes, presenting new algorithms and conditional lower bounds. We show that the aforementioned ETH lower bound also holds for graphs of maximum degree three, but that in bounded-degree graphs the best improving k-move can be found in time O(n^(23/135+ϵ_k)k). This improves upon the best-known bounds for general graphs. Due to its practical importance, we devote special attention to the range of k in which improving k-moves in bounded-degree graphs can be found in quasi-linear time. For k≤ 7, we give quasi-linear time algorithms for general weights. For k=8 we obtain a quasi-linear time algorithm for polylogarithmic weights. On the other hand, based on established fine-grained complexity hypotheses, we prove that the k=9 case does not admit quasi-linear time algorithms. Hence we fully characterize the values of k for which quasi-linear time algorithms exist for polylogarithmic weights on bounded-degree graphs.
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