Detection of Information Hiding at Anti-Copying 2D Barcodes
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This paper concerns the problem of detecting the use of information hiding at anti-copying 2D barcodes. Prior hidden information detection schemes are either heuristicbased or Machine Learning (ML) based. The key limitation of prior heuristics-based schemes is that they do not answer the fundamental question of why the information hidden at a 2D barcode can be detected. The key limitation of prior MLbased information schemes is that they lack robustness because a printed 2D barcode is very much environmentally dependent, and thus an information hiding detection scheme trained in one environment often does not work well in another environment. In this paper, we propose two hidden information detection schemes at the existing anti-copying 2D barcodes. The first scheme is to directly use the pixel distance to detect the use of an information hiding scheme in a 2D barcode, referred as to the Pixel Distance Based Detection (PDBD) scheme. The second scheme is first to calculate the variance of the raw signal and the covariance between the recovered signal and the raw signal, and then based on the variance results, detects the use of information hiding scheme in a 2D barcode, referred as to the Pixel Variance Based Detection (PVBD) scheme. Moreover, we design advanced IC attacks to evaluate the security of two existing anti-copying 2D barcodes. We implemented our schemes and conducted extensive performance comparison between our schemes and prior schemes under different capturing devices, such as a scanner and a camera phone. Our experimental results show that the PVBD scheme can correctly detect the existence of the hidden information at both the 2LQR code and the LCAC 2D barcode. Moreover, the probability of successfully attacking of our IC attacks achieves 0.6538 for the 2LQR code and 1 for the LCAC 2D barcode.
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