Blockmania: from Block DAGs to Consensus
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Blockmania is a byzantine consensus protocol. Nodes emit blocks forming a directed acyclic graph (block DAG). The block DAG is subsequently interpreted by each node separately to ensure consensus with safety, liveness and finality. The resulting system has communication complexity O(N^2) even in the worse case, and very low constant factors --- as compared to O(N^4) for PBFT; it is leaderless; and network operations do not depend on the composition of the quorum or node stake. This makes Blockmania ideal for dynamic membership and flexible and non-interrupted proof-of-stake protocols. X-Blockmania, has O(N) communication cost but also higher latency O( N).
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