Accurate Closed-Form Approximations to Channel Distributions of RIS-Aided Wireless Systems

I Introduction

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are man-made surfaces composed by electromagnetic (EM) materials, which is highly controllable by leveraging electronic devices. Recent results indicate that RISs have great potential due to their promising gains achieved in terms of spectral and energy efficiency without the need of higher hardware complexity and cost.

Owing to their promising gains, RISs have been extensively investigated in the literature along the last year. In particular, in [1], the authors proposed a practical phase shift model for the RISs. In [2], the authors provided a comprehensive overview of the basic characteristics of the large intelligent surface/antenna (LISA) technology, and listed various potential application examples. In [3], the authors derived the well-known squared power gain of the RIS-assisted single-cell wireless system and proved that it has better performance than conventional massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems as well as better performance than multi-antenna amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks with smaller number of antennas, while reducing the system complexity and cost. In [4], the authors studied the beamforming optimization of RIS-assisted wireless communication under the constraints of discrete phase shift. In [5], the authors used the RIS to improve the achievable rate of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled communication system and proposed an optimization algorithm to maximize the average achievable rate. In [6], the authors used an RIS in dual-hop free-space optical and radio-frequency (FSO-RF) communication systems to improve their performance. More recently, in [7], the authors studied the coverage and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of RIS-assisted communication systems.

Although the previous works have provided interesting contribution to the field about RISs, a common assumption in some of them [8] is that the non-central chi-square (NCCS) distribution was used to approximate the channel distribution of the RIS-aided wireless schemes. However, the NCCS distribution is based on the central limit theorem (CLT), which means that it is only applicable to a large number of reflecting elements

N

, i.e.,

N ≫ 1

. Thus, for small values of

N

, it was shown that there is a big difference between the analytical results and the simulation results (for instance, see Fig. 7 of [8]). This limitation motivates our work. Specifically, relying on the small argument approximation (SAA) for the sum of probability density functions (PDFs) used in [9], [10], this paper proposes highly accurate closed-form approximations to the channel distributions of RIS-aided systems assuming arbitrary values of

N

¹¹1As far as the authors are aware, this is the first time that general, accurate approximations are proposed for a system setup assuming arbitrary number of reflecting elements at the RIS, and our work can be used as a benchmark for future studies in the field

. More specifically, similar to [8], we consider two different RIS-based transmission scenarios, namely, dual-hop communication (RIS-DH) case and the case when an RIS is employed as a transmitter (RIS-T). For the former scenario, the RIS is deployed between the source and the receiver and operates like a relaying system. For the second case, the RIS is the own transmit source. More details about the two structures can be found in [8]. Based on the proposed approximations, closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average bit error rate (BER), and average channel capacity are derived. Furthermore, an asymptotic analysis is carried out. Results show that the achievable diversity orders

G_{d}

for RIS-DH and RIS-T schemes are

N - 1 < G_{d} < N

and

N

, respectively. Furthermore, it is revealed that both schemes can not provide the multiplexing gain and only diversity gains are achieved. For the RIS-DH scheme, the channels are similar to the keyhole MIMO channels with only one degree of freedom [11]-[13], while the RIS-T scheme acts like the transmit diversity structure.

Ii system and channel models

In this section, we consider two different RIS-aided transmission schemes and formulate their corresponding channel distributions.

Ii-a RIS-DH Case

Consider an RIS-aided dual-hop communication which includes one source (S), an RIS with $N$ reflecting elements, and one destination (D). Similar to [8], it is assumed perfect knowledge of the channel state information (CSI). In addition, the RIS can provide adjustable phase shifts, which can be controlled and programmed by a software.

From [8], one can obtain the maximum SNR as

\begin{matrix} γ_{1} = \frac{{(\sum_{i = 1}^{N} α_{i} β_{i})}_{i}^{2} E_{s 1}}{N_{0}} = R_{1}^{2} {¯ γ}_{1}, \end{matrix}

(1)

where $N_{0}$ is the noise power, $α_{i}$ and $β_{i}$

are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh random variables (RVs) with mean

\sqrt{π} / 2

and variance

(4 - π) / 4

E_{s 1}

is the average power of the transmitted signals, and

{¯ γ}_{1} = E_{s 1} / N_{0}

denotes the average SNR.

In [8], the authors relied on the CLT to assume that $R_{1}$ is a Gaussian variable so that $R_{1}^{2}$ follows the NCCS distribution. However, under this assumption, the results of [8] revealed that the difference between the analytical and simulation results is very large for small values of $N$ . To address this issue, next we make use of the idea presented in [9] to derive the probability density function (PDF) of $R_{1}^{2}$ .

Let $χ_{i} = α_{i} β_{i}$ . Then, the PDF of $χ_{i}$ can be readily obtained as $f_{χ_{i}} (r) = 4 r K_{0} (2 r)$ , where $K_{v} (\cdot)$ is the modified $v$ -order Bessel function of the second kind [14, Eq.(8.432)]. In addition, the PDF of a random variable $χ$ follows a $K_{G}$ distribution and can be written as

f_{χ} (r ∣ m, k, Ω) = \frac{4 Ψ^{k + m}}{Γ (m) Γ (k)} r^{k + m - 1} K_{k - m} (2 Ψ r),

(2)

where $Ω △ = E [χ^{2}]$ is the mean power, $Γ (\cdot)$ is the Gamma function [14, Eq.(8.310.1)], $Ψ = \sqrt{k m / Ω}$ , $k$ and $m$ are the shaping parameters of the distribution.

Comparing the PDF of $χ_{i}$ with (2), one can observe that the PDF of $χ_{i}$ is a special case of the $K_{G}$ distribution when $k = m = 1$ . In [9], it was stated that the PDF of the sum of multiple $K_{G}$ random variables can be well-approximated by the PDF of $\sqrt{W}$ with $W = \sum_{i = 0}^{N} χ_{i}^{2}$ , in which the PDF of $W$ is approximated by a squared $K_{G}$ distribution. Therefore, the PDF of $R_{1}$ can be formulated as

f_{R_{1}} (r) = \frac{4 Ξ^{k_{w} + m_{w}} r^{k_{w} + m_{w} - 1}}{Γ (k_{w}) Γ (m_{w})} K_{k_{w} - m_{w}} (2 Ξ r),

(3)

where $k_{w} = \frac{- b + \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 a c}}{2 a}$ and $m_{w} = \frac{- b - \sqrt{b^{2} - 4 a c}}{2 a}$ are the the shaping parameters, $Ξ = \sqrt{k_{w} m_{w} / Ω_{w}}$ , and $Ω_{w} = μ_{R_{1}} (2)$ is the mean power of $R_{1}$ . Moreover, the parameters $a$ , $b$ , and $c$

have been defined in [9] and their values are related to the moment

μ_{R_{1}} (n)

R_{1}

, namely,

	$μ_{R_{1}} (n)$	$= n \sum n_{1} = 0 n_{1} \sum n_{2} = 0 . . . n_{N - 2} \sum n_{N - 1} = 0 (\frac{n}{n_{1}}) (\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}) . . . (\frac{n_{N - 2}}{n_{N - 1}})$
		$\times μ_{χ_{1}} (n - n_{1}) μ_{χ_{2}} (n_{1} - n_{2}) . . . μ_{χ_{N - 1}} (n_{N - 1}),$		(4)

where $μ_{χ_{i}} (n) = Γ^{2} (1 + n / 2)$ is the $n$ th moment of $χ_{i}$ . Notice that $k_{w}$ and $m_{w}$ are real numbers. For $b^{2} - 4 a c \leq 0$ corresponding to $k_{w}$ and $m_{w}$ being conjugate complex numbers, $k_{w}$ and $m_{w}$

are set to the estimated modulus values of the conjugate complex number.

From (1) and (3), the PDF of $γ_{1}$ can be represented by a squared $K_{G}$ distribution. Thus, the PDF of $γ_{1}$ can be written as

f_{γ_{1}} (γ) \approx \frac{2 {˜ Ξ}^{k_{w} + m_{w}} γ^{(\frac{k_{w} + m_{w}}{2} - 1)}}{Γ (k_{w}) Γ (m_{w})} K_{k_{w} - m_{w}} (2 ˜ Ξ \sqrt{γ}),

(5)

where $˜ Ξ = \sqrt{k_{w} m_{w} / ({¯ ¯ ¯ γ}_{1} Ω_{w})}$

. Moreover, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of

γ_{1}

can be obtained as

F_{γ_{1}} (γ) \approx \frac{1}{Γ (k_{w}) Γ (m_{w})} G_{1, 3}^{2, 1} [{˜ Ξ}^{2} γ |_{k_{w}, m_{w}, 0}^{1}],

(6)

where $G_{p, q}^{m, n} [\cdot]$ is the Meijer $G$ -function defined in [14, Eq.(9.301)]. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the above expressions are new in an RIS-aided wireless systems context and can be useful in future studies due to their tightness, as shown later in numerical results section.

To obtain more insights, next we develop another approximate PDF expression by using the fact ${(\sum_{i = 1}^{N} α_{i} β_{i})}_{i}^{2} \leq (\sum_{i = 1}^{N} α_{i}^{2}) (\sum_{i = 1}^{N} β_{i}^{2})$ [14, Eq.(11.112)] as

f_{γ_{1}} (γ) \approx \frac{2 γ^{N - 1}}{Γ (N)^{2} ¯ γ_{1}^{N}} K_{0} ⎛ ⎝ 2 \sqrt{\frac{γ}{{¯ γ}_{1}}} ⎞ ⎠ .

(7)

It is noteworthy that (7) equals to the PDF expression of the keyhole channels when we set $n_{T} = n_{R} = N$ in [11]-[13]. Thus, in the RIS-DH scheme, the channels may be degenerated due to the so-called keyhole effect [11]-[13], while the average SNR in [11]-[13] is ${¯ γ}_{1} / N$ due to the MIMO structure.

Notice that (7) may not be tight enough, but using it to evaluate the system performance can reveal the channel characteristics of the RIS-DH scheme.

Ii-B RIS-T Case

Consider now the system model which includes an RF signal generator, an RIS, and one destination (D), where the RIS is used as a transmitter along with the RF signal generator Similar to [8], the RIS is deployed very close to the RF signal generator, which implies that the channel attenuation between them is negligible. Therefore, we use the RIS and RF signal generator together as a transmitter (T). More details regarding this model can be found in [8].

From [8], the maximum instantaneous SNR at D can be expressed as

\begin{matrix} γ_{2} = \frac{{(\sum_{i = 1}^{N} ε_{i})}_{i}^{2} E_{s 2}}{N_{0}} = \frac{R_{2}^{2} E_{s 2}}{N_{0}}, \end{matrix}

(8)

where $E_{s 2}$ is the power of the unmodulated signal, $ε_{i}$ is a Rayleigh RV with mean $\sqrt{π} / 2$ and variance $(4 - π) / 4$ , and $R_{2}$ is the sum of $N$ i.i.d. Rayleigh RVs $ε_{i}$ , $i = 1, . . ., N$ . Similarly, according to the CLT, $R_{2}^{2}$ is assumed to follow a NCCS distribution [8]. However, such an assumption has only limited applications in practice. Fortunately, from [10], the PDF of $R_{2}^{2}$ can be approximated by

\begin{matrix} f_{R_{2}^{2}} (r) \approx \frac{r^{N - 1} e^{- \frac{r}{B}}}{B^{N} (N - 1)!}, \end{matrix}

(9)

where $B = 1 + (N - 1) Γ^{2} (\frac{3}{2})$ .

Thus, the PDF of $γ_{2}$ can be written as

\begin{matrix} f_{γ_{2}} (γ) \approx \frac{γ^{N - 1} e^{- \frac{γ}{B {¯ γ}_{2}}}}{(B {¯ γ}_{2})^{N} (N - 1)!}, \end{matrix}

(10)

where ${¯ γ}_{2} = E_{s 2} / N_{0}$ is the average SNR. Moreover, the CDF of $γ_{2}$ can be obtained as

F_{γ_{2}} (γ) \approx 1 - e^{- \frac{γ}{B {¯ γ}_{2}}} N - 1 \sum k = 0 \frac{γ^{k}}{(B {¯ γ}_{2})^{k} k!} .

(11)

Iii Performance analysis

In this section, based on the proposed approximations, we derive new closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average BER, and average channel capacity of the considered RIS-aided wireless systems.

Iii-a Outage Probability Analysis

The reliability of the communication link is usually assessed by using the outage probability, which is defined as

\begin{matrix} P_{o u t} = P r (γ \leq γ_{t h}), \end{matrix}

(12)

where $P r (\cdot)$ indicates probability.

Iii-A1 RIS-DH Case

From (6), we have

P_{o u t 1} = F_{γ_{1}} (γ_{t h}) .

(13)

Above result does not indicate the diversity order information. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an asymptotic analysis for the RIS-DH scheme. As mentioned above, (7) is similar to the PDF of the keyhole MIMO channels. Thus, from [11],[12], the diversity order of the RIS-DH system is readily given by $N - 1 < G_{d} < N$ , which is equal to the multi-antenna systems over keyhole channels.

Iii-A2 RIS-T Case

Similarly, from (11), the outage probability of the RIS-T case can be obtained as

P_{o u t 2} = F_{γ_{2}} (γ_{t h}) .

(14)

For high SNRs, utilizing $1 - e^{- x} \sum_{s = 0}^{N} \frac{x^{s}}{s!} \leq \frac{x^{N}}{N!}$ [15], we have

\begin{matrix} P_{o u t 2} \approx \frac{γ_{t h}^{N}}{(B {¯ γ}_{2})^{N} N!}, \end{matrix}

(15)

which indicates that the achievable diversity order $G_{d}$ is $N$ .

Iii-B Average BER

BER is a typical metric for evaluating the accuracy of data transmission. For different binary modulation schemes, the unified BER expression is given by [16]

P_{e} = \frac{q^{p}}{2 Γ (p)} \int_{0}^{\infty} exp (- q γ) γ^{p - 1} F_{γ} (γ) d γ,

(16)

where $F_{γ} (γ)$ is the CDF of $γ$ , and the parameters $p$ and $q$ denote different modulation schemes, such as $p$ = 1 and $q$ = 1 for differential phase shift keying (DPSK).

Iii-B1 RIS-DH Case

From (6) and (16), and using [17, Eq.(07.34.21.0088.01)], we have

\begin{matrix} P_{e 1} = \frac{1}{2 Γ (p) Γ (m_{w}) Γ (k_{w})} G_{2, 3}^{2, 2} (\frac{Ξ^{2}}{{¯ γ}_{1} q} | \begin{matrix} 1 - p, 1 k_{w}, m_{w}, 0 \end{matrix}) . \end{matrix}

(17)

Similar to the outage analysis, we also can obtain the diversity order of the RIS-DH system as $N - 1 < G_{d} < N$ .

Iii-B2 RIS-T Case

Similarly, from [14, Eq.(3.326.2)] and making use of (11) and (16), the BER for the RIS-T case can be derived as

\begin{matrix} P_{e 2} = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{q^{p}}{2 Γ (p)} N - 1 \sum k = 0 \frac{1}{(B {¯ γ}_{2})^{k} k!} \frac{Γ (p + k)}{(q + \frac{1}{B {¯ γ}_{2}})^{p + k}} . \end{matrix}

(18)

For high SNRs, similar to (15),we have

\begin{matrix} P_{e 2} \approx \frac{Γ (p + N)}{2 Γ (p) (B q {¯ γ}_{2})^{N} N!} . \end{matrix}

(19)

One can observe from (19) that the achievable diversity order $G_{d}$ is also $N$ .

Iii-C Average Channel Capacity

From [18], the average channel capacity can be evaluated in terms of the CDF as

C = \frac{1}{ln (2)} \int_{0}^{\infty} (1 + γ)^{- 1} F_{c}^{γ} (γ) d_{γ},

(20)

where $F_{c}^{γ} (γ) = 1 - F_{γ} (γ)$ is the complimentary CDF function.

Iii-C1 RIS-DH Case

By using [17, Eq.(07.34.21.0086.01)] together with (6) and (20), the average channel capacity can be obtained as

C_{1} = \frac{1}{Γ (m_{w}) Γ (k_{w}) ln (2)} G_{2, 4}^{4, 1} (\frac{Ξ^{2}}{{¯ γ}_{1}} | \begin{matrix} 0, 1 0, 0, k_{w}, m_{w} \end{matrix}) .

(21)

Similar to [13, Eq.(23)], applying the Jensen’s inequality, we obtain a tight upper bound for $C_{1}$ as

C_{1}

\leq {log}_{2} (1 + Ω_{w} {¯ γ}_{1}) .

(22)

Similar to asymptotic analysis in [13, Eq.(38)], $C_{1}$ can be asymptotically expressed as

C_{1} \approx {log}_{2} ({¯ γ}_{1}) + 2 {log}_{2} (e) ψ (N),

(23)

where $ψ (N) = Γ^{'} (N) / Γ (N)$ is the Euler’s digamma function. Like the observations in [13], one can see that the RIS-DH scheme does not provide the spatial multiplexing gain and only diversity gain is achieved.

Iii-C2 RIS-T Case

Similarly, by using [14, Eq.(3.353.5)] together with (11) and (20), the average channel capacity of the RIS-T case can be expressed as

	$C_{2} =$	$N - 1 \sum k = 0 k \sum m = 1 \frac{(m - 1)! (- 1)^{k - m} (B {¯ γ}_{2})^{m}}{(B {¯ γ}_{2})^{k} k! ln (2)}$
		$+ N - 1 \sum k = 0 \frac{(- 1)^{k - 1} e^{\frac{1}{B {¯ γ}_{2}}} E_{i} (\frac{- 1}{B {¯ γ}_{2}})}{(B {¯ γ}_{2})^{k} k! ln (2)},$		(24)

where $E_{i} (\cdot)$ is the exponential integral function [14, Eq.(8.211)]. Similarly, we can obtain the upper bound on $C_{2}$ as

C_{2}

\leq {log}_{2} (1 + B N {¯ γ}_{2}) .

(25)

Furthermore, we have

C_{2}

\approx {log}_{2} ({¯ γ}_{2}) + {log}_{2} (B N) .

(26)

Above formula indicates that the RIS-T scheme also only provides the diversity gain.

Iv Numerical and Simulation Results

In this section, we provide numerical and simulation results to verify our analysis. The parameter is set to $γ_{t h} = 20$ dB.

For the BER performance, we consider the DPSK modulation.

Fig. 1: Outage probability versus ${¯ γ}_{1}$ for the RIS-DH scheme.

Fig. 2: Outage probability versus ${¯ γ}_{2}$ for the RIS-T scheme.

Fig. 3: Outage probability, average BER, and average capacity for the RIS-DH scheme.

Fig. 4: Outage probability, average BER, and average capacity for the RIS-T scheme.

Fig. 5: BER curves $¯ γ$ for both schemes.

In Fig. 1, assuming the RIS-DH scheme, we compare the outage probability between the NCCS distribution and the squared $G_{K}$ distribution. Notice that the outage probability using the NCCS distribution can be evaluated by $P_{o u t 3} = 1 - Q_{\frac{1}{2}} (\frac{\sqrt{λ}}{σ}, \sqrt{\frac{γ_{t h}}{{¯ γ}_{1} σ^{2}}})$ , where $λ = \frac{N^{2} π^{2}}{16}$ and $σ^{2} = N (16 - π^{2}) / 16$ . When $N$ is small, using NCCS results in a large error. Thus, for the RIS-DH case, it is obvious that using the squared $G_{K}$ distribution is more accurate compared to the NCCS distribution.

In Fig. 2, assuming the RIS-T scheme, we compare the outage probability between the NCCS distribution and the approximation provided in (9). Notice that the outage probability using the NCCS distribution can be evaluated through $P_{o u t 3}$ by setting $λ = \frac{N^{2} π}{4}$ and $σ^{2} = N (4 - π) / 4$ . Similar to Fig. 1, our proposed approximate approach can get more accurate results than the NCCS distribution. Thus, from both Figs. 1 and 2, one can clearly see that the proposed approximate distributions for both transmission scenarios are very precise for the whole average SNR range, while the NCCS distribution is too loose. Note that for high values of $N$ , our approach still works very well.

In Fig. 3, we plot the curves for the outage probability, average BER, and average channel capacity for the RIS-DH case. It is clearly observed that the analytical results are highly consistent with the simulation results. Furthermore, one can see that the upper bound of the average channel capacity is very tight.

In Fig. 4, the curves for outage probability, average BER, and average capacity are depicted for the RIS-T case. As expected, the simulation results are consistent with the analytical results. Similar observations obtained in Fig. 3 apply here as well. From both Figs. 3 and 4, one can see that the slope of the capacity curves are kept to a constant regardless of the value of $N$ . The reason is that both schemes only provide diversity gain.

In Fig. 5, by setting ${¯ γ}_{1} = {¯ γ}_{2} = ¯ γ$ , we plot the BER curves for both schemes. As expected, it is observed that the RIS-DH scheme has a smaller diversity order compared to the RIS-T scheme, which verifies our asymptotic analysis.

V Conclusion

In this work, we developed two novel statistical distributions to approximate the channel distributions of the RIS-aided wireless systems which generalize existing result based on NCCS distribution. Then, outage probability, average BER, and average capacity were derived in closed-form. Simulation results showed that the proposed distributions perform better than the NCCS distribution. Moreover, it was shown that the achievable diversity orders $G_{d}$ for RIS-DH and RIS-T schemes are $N - 1 < G_{d} < N$ and $N$ , respectively. Furthermore, both of the schemes can not provide the multiplexing gain and only diversity gains are achieved. As a potential future work, line-of-sight scenarios that are commonly modeled by Rician fading can be taken into account, in which a totally new approximate approach would need to be proposed.

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Accurate Closed-Form Approximations to Channel Distributions of RIS-Aided Wireless Systems

Authors

Multi-RIS-aided Wireless Systems: Statistical Characterization and Performance Analysis

Performance Analysis of an Interference-Limited RIS-Aided Network

Performance Analysis of Distributed Intelligent Reflective Surfaces for Wireless Communications

On the Distribution of SINR for MIMO Systems with Widely Linear MMSE Receivers

User-Antenna Selection for Physical-Layer Network Coding based on Euclidean Distance

Error Performance of Various QAM Schemes for Nonrenegerative Cooperative MIMO Network with Transmit Antenna Selection

MIMO Assisted Networks Relying on Large Intelligent Surfaces: A Stochastic Geometry Model

I Introduction