1 Introduction
The integral
where is an analytic function on the half infinite interval such that and with , is divergent. However, we can assign a finite value to this divergent integral. In fact, we consider the integral
with , and, by integrating by part, we have
Then, the limit
exists and is finite. We call this limit the Hadamard finite-part (f.p.) integral and denote it by
In general, we can define the f.p. integral
(1) |
where is an analytic function such that and with [4].
In this paper, we propose a numerical method of computing f.p. integrals (1). In the proposed method, we express the f.p. integral (1) using a complex integral, and we obtain the f.p. integral by evaluating the complex integral by the DE formula [11]. Theoretical error estimate and some numerical examples show the exponential convergence of the proposed formula as the number of sampling points increases.
Previous works related to this paper are as follows. The author and Hirayama proposed a numerical method of computing ordinary integrals related to hyperfunction theory [5], a theory of generalized functions based on complex function theory. The author proposed numerical methods for computing Hadamard finite-part integrals with a singularity at an endpoint on a finite interval [8, 7]. In these methods, we express a desired integral using a complex integral, we obtain the integral by evaluating the complex integral by conventional numerical integration formulas. For Cauchy principal-value integrals or Hadamard finite-part integrals on a finite interval with a singularity in the interior of the integral interval
(2) |
many methods were proposed. Elliot and Paget proposed Gauss-type numerical integration formulas for (2) [3, 9]. Bialecki proposed Sinc numerical integration formulas for (2) [2, 1], where the trapezoidal formula is used together with variable transform technique as in the DE formula [11]. Ogata and et al. improved them and proposed a DE-type numerical integration formula for (2) [6].
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we define the f.p. integral (1) and propose a numerical method of computing it. In addition, we show theoretical error estimate of the proposed method. In Section 3, we show some numerical example which show the effectiveness of the proposed method. In Section 4, we give a summary of this paper.
2 Hadamard finite-part integrals and a numerical method
The f.p. integral (1) is defined by
(3) |
where is an analytic function on such that and as with , and the second term on the right-hand side is zero if . We can show that it is well-defined as follows. In fact, for , we can show by integrating by part
and
Then, we have
Therefore, the limit in (3) exists and is finite.
The f.p. integral (3) is expressed using a complex integral.
Theorem 1
We suppose that is analytic in a complex domain , which contains the half infinite interval in its interior. Then, the f.p. integral (3) is expressed as
(4) |
where is a complex integral path such that it encircles in the positive sense and is contained in .
Proof of Theorem 1
From Cauchy’s integral theorem, we have
for , where and are complex integral paths respectively defined by
(see Figure 1), and the complex logarithmic function is the principal value, that is, the branch such that it takes a real value on the positive real axis.
0
a
e
p
m
As to the integrals on , we have
As to the integral on , we have
(5) |
where we exchanged the order of the integral and the infinite sum since the infinite series is uniformly convergent on . Since
we have
Summarizing the above calculations, we have
and, taking the limit , we obtain (4).
We obtain the f.p. integral by evaluating the complex integral on the right-hand side of (4) by a conventional numerical integration formula such as the DE formula [11], that is,
where is the mesh of the trapezoidal formula, is the DE transform
and is a positive integer such that the transformed integrand
is sufficiently small at .
We can take small since decays double exponentially
as .
Then, we have the approximation formula
(6) |
where is a parameterization of the complex integral path .
If is an analytic function on the real axis and is an analytic curve, the proposed approximation (6) converges exponentially as shown in the following theorem. For the simplicity, we take .
Theorem 2
We suppose that
-
the parameterization function of is analytic in the strip
such that
is contained in ,
-
where
and
-
there exist positive numbers , and such that
Then, we have the inequality
(7) |
where and is a positive number depending on , , and only.
This theorem shows that the approximation formula (6) converges exponentially as the mesh decreases and the number of sampling points increases.
Proof of Theorem 2
We have
(8) |
where . For the first term on the right-hand side of (8), we have
by Theorem 3.2.1 in [10]. For the second term on the right-side hand, we have
Then, we obtain (7).
We remark here that we can reduce the number of sampling points by half if the integrand is real valued on the real axis. In fact, we have by the reflection principle, taking the integral path symmetric with respect to the real axis, that is, , which leads to
and taking the DE transform to be an even function, we have
(9) |
3 Numerical examples
In this section, we show some numerical examples which show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
We computed the f.p. integrals
(10) | ||||
for , where is Euler’s constant, by the formula (9). All the computations were performed using programs coded in C++ with double precision working. The complex integral path in (4) is taken as
(see Figure 2). We took the number of sampling points for given mesh by truncating the infinite sum at the -th term such that
x
y
4 Summary
In this paper, we proposed a numerical integration formula for Hadamard finite-part integrals with an integral power singularity at the endpoint on a half-infinite interval. In the proposed method, we express the desired f.p. integral using a complex integral, and we obtain the f.p. integral by evaluating the complex integral by the DE formula. Theoretical error estimate and some numerical examples show the exponential convergence of the proposed method in the case that the integrand is an analytic function.
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