A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Information Flow Tracking Games for Advanced Persistent Threats
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Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy attacks that threaten the security and privacy of sensitive information. Interactions of APTs with victim system introduce information flows that are recorded in the system logs. Dynamic Information Flow Tracking (DIFT) is a promising detection mechanism for detecting APTs. DIFT taints information flows originating at system entities that are susceptible to an attack, tracks the propagation of the tainted flows, and authenticates the tainted flows at certain system components according to a pre-defined security policy. Deployment of DIFT to defend against APTs in cyber systems is limited by the heavy resource and performance overhead associated with DIFT. In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient model for DIFT by incorporating the security costs, false-positives, and false-negatives associated with DIFT. Specifically, we develop a game-theoretic framework and provide an analytical model of DIFT that enables the study of trade-off between resource efficiency and the effectiveness of detection. Our game model is a nonzero-sum, infinite-horizon, average reward stochastic game. Our model incorporates the information asymmetry between players that arises from DIFT's inability to distinguish malicious flows from benign flows and APT's inability to know the locations where DIFT performs a security analysis. Additionally, the game has incomplete information as the transition probabilities (false-positive and false-negative rates) are unknown. We propose a multiple-time scale stochastic approximation algorithm to learn an equilibrium solution of the game. We prove that our algorithm converges to an average reward Nash equilibrium. We evaluate our proposed model and algorithm on a real-world ransomware dataset and validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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